Sunday 31 July 2016

REORDER Practice questions

RE ORDER 1

1 He thought, ‘It would be such a waste if nobody wants to buy the wool.’
2 Then an old woman came over. She also wanted a bag full of wool.
3 A short while later, a little boy arrived.
4 One day, the black sheep noticed that he had some more wool left.
5 He also wanted one bag full of wool. That afternoon, an old man came over to his wooden shed to see him.
6 He wanted one bag full of the black sheep’s wool.

RE ORDER 2

1 One silly goat was on one side.
2 There was a narrow bridge over a river in the village.
3 There lived two silly goats in a village.
4 The other one was on the other side.
5 One day, the goats wanted to cross the bridge.
6 Let us enjoy reading this story of Two Silly Goats.

RE ORDER 3

1 ” So the mother goat left her dear children and went into the forest.
2 He often disguises himself.
3 ” The little goats replied, “Dear mother, we will be very careful and obey your words.
4 But you can make him out by his rough voice and his black feet.
5 If he comes here he will eat you all up.
6 The little goats locked their house carefully from inside and shut the windows tightly.
7 You may go away without any fear.

My answers:
1) 413562
2) 635214
3) 1642573

RE ORDER PRACTICE 4

1 He thought, ‘It would be such a waste if nobody wants to buy the wool.’

2 Then an old woman came over. She also wanted a bag full of wool.

3 A short while later, a little boy arrived.

4 One day, the black sheep noticed that he had some more wool left.

5 He also wanted one bag full of wool. That afternoon, an old man came over to his wooden shed to see him.

6 He wanted one bag full of the black sheep’s wool.

RE ORDER PRACTICE 5

1 One silly goat was on one side.

2 There was a narrow bridge over a river in the village.

3 There lived two silly goats in a village.

4 The other one was on the other side.

5 One day, the goats wanted to cross the bridge.

6 Let us enjoy reading this story of Two Silly Goats.

RE ORDER PRACTICE 6

1 ” So the mother goat left her dear children and went into the forest.

2 He often disguises himself.

3 ” The little goats replied, “Dear mother, we will be very careful and obey your words.

4 But you can make him out by his rough voice and his black feet.

5 If he comes here he will eat you all up.

6 The little goats locked their house carefully from inside and shut the windows tightly.

7 You may go away without any fear.

READING RE ORDER 7

1. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very remarkable.

2.However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.

3.I have over and over again introduced ants from one of my nests into another nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.

4.The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500, 000 individuals.

5.And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging to the same community.

READING RE ORDER 8

1. Established companies that prosper are those that don’t allow their success to lull them to sleep.

2.Nothing has changed the fundamental economics of business.

3.It’s still good to be big.

4.It’s still good to have a lot of capital.

5.The problem is when you let your bigness make you slow, or when you let your experience lead you to believe your way is the best way.

READING RE ORDER 9

1. A perfect voice speaks so directly to the soul of the hearer that all appearance of artfully prepared effect is absent.

2.Every tone sung by a consummate vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely and spontaneously.

3.There is no evidence of calculation, of carefully directed effort, of attention to the workings of the voice, in the tones of a perfect singer.

4.Yet if the accepted idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance of spontaneity in the use of the voice can result only from careful and incessant attention to mechanical rules.

5.In no other form of expression do art and nature seem so closely identified as in the art of singing.

READING RE ORDER 10

1. Some people think that in this cooperative endeavour, the intelligent students stand to lose since they cannot make the best of their talents, but this seems to be a vague fear.

2. It is only when a child works within a group that his qualities of leadership will manifest themselves.

3.His character will only be shaped by coming into contact with others and by working with them.

4.An important feature of modern education is that it encourages cooperation rather than competition.

5.In fact, personality development can only take place by working in co-operation with others and not in isolation.

Please find answers below
7) 4,2,3,1,5
8) 2,4,3,1,5
9) 4,5,1,2,3
10) 1,5,3,2,4

11.

1.A perfect voice speaks so directly to the soul of the hearer that all appearance of artfully prepared effect is absent.
2. Every tone sung by a consummate vocal artist seems to be poured forth freely and spontaneously.
3. There is no evidence of calculation, of carefully directed effort, of attention to the workings of the voice, in the tones of a perfect singer.
4. Yet if the accepted idea of Voice Culture is correct, this semblance of spontaneity in the use of the voice can result only from careful and incessant attention to mechanical rules.
5. In no other form of expression do art and nature seem so closely identified as in the art of singing.

12

1. Some people think that in this cooperative endeavour, the intelligent students stand to lose since they cannot make the best of their talents, but this seems to be a vague fear.
2. It is only when a child works within a group that his qualities of leadership will manifest themselves.
3. His character will only be shaped by coming into contact with others and by working with them.
4. An important feature of modern education is that it encourages cooperation rather than competition.
5. In fact, personality development can only take place by working in co-operation with others and not in isolation.

1. It is evident, therefore, that the ants of each community all recognize one another, which is very remarkable.
2. However, they are in hostility not only with most other insects, including ants of different species, but even with those of the same species if belonging to different communities.
3. I have over and over again introduced ants from one of my nests into another nest of the same species; and they were invariably attacked, seized by a leg or an antenna, and dragged out.
4. The communities of ants are sometimes very large, numbering even up to 500, 000 individuals.
5. And it is a lesson to us that no one has ever yet seen a quarrel between any two ants belonging to the same community.

1. Established companies that prosper are those that don’t allow their success to lull them to sleep.
2. Nothing has changed the fundamental economics of business.
3. It’s still good to be big.
4. It’s still good to have a lot of capital.
5. The problem is when you let your bigness make you slow, or when you let your experience lead you to believe your way is the best way.

1. 11)1,2,3,4

12). 4,1,5,2,3
13) 4,5,2,3,1
14) 2,4,3,5,1

1. The Great Chain of Being did not correspond with sense experience.
2. Here the work of Galileo is centrally important.
3. His observations of the skies with a telescope led him to conclude that the heavens could not be the perfectly ordered realm of the divine, for there were irregularities and imperfections (like comets, sun spots, and the irregular surface of the moon).
4. The really decisive challenge came from those who, in defence of Copernicuss suggestion, insisted that the very nature of science must change, that it must work from a different purpose and by different methods.

16
1. Bill Gates, Akio Morita, Sam Walton, and others brought this ability to the enterprises they founded.
2. Without it, their ventures might have been short-lived or at least far less successful.
3. A senior executive`s instinctive capacity to empathize with and gain insights from customers is the single most important skill he or she can use to direct technologies, product and service offerings, communication programmes, indeed, all elements of a company`s strategic posture.
4. Every successful business is built on superior senses–of timing, opportunity, responsibility, and, not infrequently, humour.
5. None, however, is more critical than the ability to sense the market.

1. Four of the species ate plants, and four others, called theropods, preyed on the plant eaters and other creatures.
2. All eight date to the Cretaceous period which lasted from 145 million to 60 million years ago.
3. No one has yet excavated a complete dinosaur skeleton from this site near Colville River or anywhere else in Alaska.
4. Most come from just the period lasting from 75 million to 70 million years ago, some five million years before the famous mass demise of the planet`s dinosaurs.
5. Nevertheless, paleontologists have been able to identify from partial skeletons, isolated bones, teeth and fossil footprints, eight types of dinosaurs that lived as contemporaries in the far north

1. Never stop thinking of ways to make your products better, but don’t get stuck trying to achieve perfection.
2. Release the product and, at the same time, continue to refine it.
3. I’m not suggesting that it is ever acceptable to deliver shoddy products.
4. The longer you hold out for perfection, the less likely you are to achieve it, and you’ll lose whatever competitive edge you may have.
5. The product that beats the competition is seldom the best, and it’s never perfect.

15. 4,5,2,3,1
16 4,5,3,1,2
17. 3,5,2,4,1
18. 5,4,3,1,2

19
A. “A farmer’s pride is his horse; his cow may be thin but his horse must be fat,” went a Slovak saying.
B. Fine horses bespoke the nobility the party was supposed to despise.
C. Communist leaders, when they visited villages, preferred to see cows and pigs.
D. Although a working horse was just about tolerable, the communists were right to be wary.
E. Peasants from Poland to the Hungarian Pustza preferred their horses to party dogma.
F. Horses and communism were, on the whole, a poor match.
20.
A. At times, the intended humour may simply not come off.
B. Making people laugh while trying to sell them something is a tougher challenge, since the commercial can fall flat on two grounds.
C. There are indications that in substituting the hard sell for a more entertaining approach, some agencies have rather thrown out the baby with the bath water.
D. There are many advertisements which do amuse but do not even begin to set the cash tills ringing.
E. Making people laugh is tricky.
F. Again, it is rarely sufficient for an advertiser simply to amuse the target audience in order to reap the sales benefit.

21
A. Picture a termite colony, occupying a tall mud hump on an African plain.
B. Hungry predators often invade the colony and unsettle the balance.
C. The colony flourishes only if the proportion of soldiers to workers remains roughly the same, so that the queen and workers can be protected by the soldiers, and the queen and soldiers can be serviced by the workers.
D. But its fortunes are presently restored, because the immobile queen, walled in well below ground level, lays eggs not only in large enough numbers, but also in the varying proportions required.
E. The hump is alive with worker termites and soldier termites going about their distinct kinds of business.
F. How can we account for her mysterious ability to respond like this to events on the distant surface?

22
A. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.
B. According to recent research, the critical period for developing language skills is between the ages of three and five and a half years.
C. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence structure.
D. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school, indeed, of doing well in all their subjects.
E. And the reason is actually quite simple.
F. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school success.
5.
A. With these, hunters could approach Belugas within hunting range and profit from its inner skin and blubber.
B. Belugas seem to have used their well-known sensitivity to noise to evolve an ‘avoidance’ strategy to outsmart hunters and their powerful technologies.
C. To escape an approaching motor, Belugas have learned to dive to the ocean bottom and stay there for up to 20 minutes, by which time the confused predator has left.
D. Today, however, even with much more powerful engines, it is difficult to come close, because the whales seem to disappear suddenly just when you thought you had them in your sights.
E. High-powered outboard motors were considered to be one of the major threats to the survival of the Beluga whales.
F. When the first outboard engines arrived in the early 1930s, one came across 4 and 8 HP motors.

23
A. Because they aim quickly to acquaint the student with what the contemporary scientific community thinks it knows, textbooks treat the various experiments, concepts, laws and theories of the current normal science as separately and as nearly seriatim as possible.
B. Those misconstructions render revolutions invisible; the arrangement of the still visible material in science texts implies a process that, if it existed, would deny revolutions a function.
C. The reconstruction of history by post-revolutionary science texts involves more than a multiplication of historical misconstructions.
D. Science has reached its present state by a series of individual discoveries and inventions that, when gathered together, constitute the modern body of technical knowledge.
E. But when combined with the generally unhistorical air of science writing and with the occasional systematic misconstruction, one impression is likely to follow.
F. As pedagogy this technique of presentation is unexceptionable.

24
A. “A farmer’s pride is his horse; his cow may be thin but his horse must be fat,” went a Slovak saying.
B. Fine horses bespoke the nobility the party was supposed to despise.
C. Communist leaders, when they visited villages, preferred to see cows and pigs.
D. Although a working horse was just about tolerable, the communists were right to be wary.
E. Peasants from Poland to the Hungarian Pustza preferred their horses to party dogma.
F. Horses and communism were, on the whole, a poor match.
25.
A. At times, the intended humour may simply not come off.
B. Making people laugh while trying to sell them something is a tougher challenge, since the commercial can fall flat on two grounds.
C. There are indications that in substituting the hard sell for a more entertaining approach, some agencies have rather thrown out the baby with the bath water.
D. There are many advertisements which do amuse but do not even begin to set the cash tills ringing.
E. Making people laugh is tricky.
F. Again, it is rarely sufficient for an advertiser simply to amuse the target audience in order to reap the sales benefit.

26
A. Picture a termite colony, occupying a tall mud hump on an African plain.
B. Hungry predators often invade the colony and unsettle the balance.
C. The colony flourishes only if the proportion of soldiers to workers remains roughly the same, so that the queen and workers can be protected by the soldiers, and the queen and soldiers can be serviced by the workers.
D. But its fortunes are presently restored, because the immobile queen, walled in well below ground level, lays eggs not only in large enough numbers, but also in the varying proportions required.
E. The hump is alive with worker termites and soldier termites going about their distinct kinds of business.
F. How can we account for her mysterious ability to respond like this to events on the distant surface?

27
A. Her comprehension of language is therefore very high.
B. According to recent research, the critical period for developing language skills is between the ages of three and five and a half years.
C. The read-to child already has a large vocabulary and a sense of grammar and sentence structure.
D. Children who are read to in these years have a far better chance of reading well in school, indeed, of doing well in all their subjects.
E. And the reason is actually quite simple.
F. This correlation is far and away the highest yet found between home influences and school success

28
A. With these, hunters could approach Belugas within hunting range and profit from its inner skin and blubber.
B. Belugas seem to have used their well-known sensitivity to noise to evolve an ‘avoidance’ strategy to outsmart hunters and their powerful technologies.
C. To escape an approaching motor, Belugas have learned to dive to the ocean bottom and stay there for up to 20 minutes, by which time the confused predator has left.
D. Today, however, even with much more powerful engines, it is difficult to come close, because the whales seem to disappear suddenly just when you thought you had them in your sights.
E. High-powered outboard motors were considered to be one of the major threats to the survival of the Beluga whales.
F. When the first outboard engines arrived in the early 1930s, one came across 4 and 8 HP motors.

29
A. Because they aim quickly to acquaint the student with what the contemporary scientific community thinks it knows, textbooks treat the various experiments, concepts, laws and theories of the current normal science as separately and as nearly seriatim as possible.
B. Those misconstructions render revolutions invisible; the arrangement of the still visible material in science texts implies a process that, if it existed, would deny revolutions a function.
C. The reconstruction of history by post-revolutionary science texts involves more than a multiplication of historical misconstructions.
D. Science has reached its present state by a series of individual discoveries and inventions that, when gathered together, constitute the modern body of technical knowledge.
E. But when combined with the generally unhistorical air of science writing and with the occasional systematic misconstruction, one impression is likely to follow.
F. As pedagogy this technique of presentation is unexceptionable.

CHECK ANSWERS BLOW……..

ANSWER:-

1 24 FBCDEA25 EBAFDC
26 AECBDF
27 BDFECA
28 EFADCB
29 CBAFED

30

A. To be culturally literate is to possess the basic information needed to thrive in the modern world.
B. Nor is it confined to one social class; quite the contrary.
C. It is by no means confined to “culture” narrowly understood as an acquaintance with the arts.
D. Cultural literacy constitutes the only sure avenue of opportunity for disadvantaged children, the only reliable way of combating the social determinism that now condemns them.
E. The breadth of that information is great, extending over the major domains of human activity from sports to science.

31

A. Both parties use capital and labour in the struggle to secure property rights.
B. The thief spends time and money in his attempt to steal (he buys wire cutters) and the legitimate property owner expends resources to prevent the theft (he buys locks).
C. A social cost of theft is that both the thief and the potential victim use resources to gain or maintain control over property.
D. These costs may escalate as a type of technological arms race unfolds.
E. A bank may purchase more and more complicated and sophisticated safes, forcing safecrackers to invest further in safecracking equipment.

32.

A. The likelihood of an accident is determined by how carefully the motorist drives and how carefully the pedestrian crosses the street.
B. An accident involving a motorist and a pedestrian is such a case.
C. Each must decide how much care to exercise without knowing how careful the other is.
D. The simplest strategic problem arises when two individuals interact with each other, and each must decide what to do without knowing what the other is doing.

33

A. In rejecting the functionalism in positivist organization theory, either wholly or partially, there is often a move towards a political model of organization theory.
B. Thus the analysis would shift to the power resources possessed by different groups in the organization and the way they use these resources in actual power plays to shape the organizational structure.
C. At the extreme, in one set of writings, the growth of administrators in the organization is held to be completely unrelated to the work to be done and to be caused totally by the political pursuit of self-interest.
D. The political model holds that individual interests are pursued in organizational life through the exercise of power and influence.

34

A. Group decision making, however, does not necessarily fully guard against arbitrariness and anarchy, for individual capriciousness can get substituted by collusion of group members.
B. Nature itself is an intricate system of checks and balances, meant to preserve the delicate balance between various environmental factors that affect our ecology.
C. In institutions also, there is a need to have in place a system of checks and balances which inhibits the concentration of power in only some individuals.
D. When human interventions alter this delicate balance, the outcomes have been seen to be disastrous.

ANSWER:-

30 AECBD

31 ABDE

32 DBAC

33 ADBC

34 BDCA3

A. Michael Hofman, a poet and translator, accepts this sorry fact without approval or complaint.
B. But thanklessness and impossibility do not daunt him.
C. He acknowledges too—in fact he returns to the point often—that best translators of poetry always fail at some level.
D. Hofman feels passionately about his work, and this is clear from his writings.
E. In terms of the gap between worth and rewards, translators come somewhere near nurses and street-cleaners

36
A. Passivity is not, of course, universal.
B. In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the attitude of the peasantry may well be different.
C. So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.
D. However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive or active, but when to pass from one state to another.
E. This depends on an assessment of the political situation.

A. The situations in which violence occurs and the nature of that violence tends to be clearly defined at least in theory, as in the proverbial Irishman’s question: ‘Is this a private fight or can anyone join in?’
B. So the actual risk to outsiders, though no doubt higher than our societies, is calculable.
C. Probably the only uncontrolled applications of force are those of social superiors to social inferiors and even here there are probably some rules.
D. However binding the obligation to kill, members of feuding families engaged in mutual massacre will be genuinely appalled if by some mischance a bystander or outsider is killed.

A. If caught in the act, they were punished, not for the crime, but for allowing themselves to be caught another lash of the whip.
B. The bellicose Spartans sacrificed all the finer things in life for military expertise.
C. Those fortunate enough to survive babyhood were taken away from their mothers at the age of seven to undergo rigorous military training.
D. This consisted mainly of beatings and deprivations of all kinds like going around barefoot in winter, and worse, starvation so that they would be forced to steal food to survive.
E. Male children were examined at birth by the city council and those deemed too weak to become soldiers were left to die of exposure.

A. This very insatiability of the photographing eye changes the terms of confinement in the cave, our world.
B. Humankind lingers unregenerately in Plato’s cave, still revelling, its age-old habit, in mere images of truth.
C. But being educated by photographs is not like being educated by older images drawn by hand; for one thing, there are a great many more images around, claiming our attention.
D. The inventory started in 1939 and since then just about everything has been photographed, or so it seems.
E. In teaching us a new visual code, photographs alter and enlarge our notions of what is worth looking at and what we have a right to observe.

ANSWERS:-

35. EACBD
36. ABCDE
37. DABC
38 BECDA
39. BCDAE

40

41
A. Passivity is not, of course, universal.
B. In areas where there are no lords or laws, or in frontier zones where all men go armed, the attitude of the peasantry may well be different.
C. So indeed it may be on the fringe of the unsubmissive.
D. However, for most of the soil-bound peasants the problem is not whether to be normally passive or active, but when to pass from one state to another.
E. This depends on an assessment of the political situation.

ANSWERS:-

40 EACBD
41 ABCDE
42. DABC
43. BECDA
44. BCDAE

45

A. As officials, their vision of a country shouldn’t run too far beyond that of the local people with whom they have to deal.
B. Ambassadors have to choose their words.
C. To say what they feel they have to say, they appear to be denying or ignoring part of what they know.
D. So, with ambassadors as with other expatriates in black Africa, there appears at a first meeting a kind of ambivalence.
E. They do a specialized job and it is necessary for them to live ceremonial lives.

46

A. “This face off will continue for several months given the strong convictions on either side,” says a senior functionary of the high-powered task force on drought.
B. During the past week-and-half, the Central Government has sought to deny some of the earlier apprehensions over the impact of drought.
C. The recent revival of the rains had led to the emergence of a line of divide between the two.
D. The state governments, on the other hand, allege that the Centre is downplaying the crisis only to evade its full responsibility of financial assistance that is required to alleviate the damage.
E. Shrill alarm about the economic impact of an inadequate monsoon had been sounded by the Centre as well as most of the states, in late July and early August.

47 A. This fact was established in the 1730s by French survey expeditions to Ecuador near the Equator and Lapland in the Arctic, which found that around the middle of the earth the arc was about a kilometer shorter.

B. One of the unsettled scientific questions in the late 18th century was the exact nature of the shape of the earth.
C. The length of one-degree arc would be less near the equatorial latitudes than at the poles.
D. One way of doing that is to determine the length of the arc along a chosen longitude or meridian at one-degree latitude separation.
E. While it was generally known that the earth was not a sphere but an ‘oblate spheroid’, more curved at the equator and flatter at the poles, the question of ‘how much more’ was yet to be established.

48

A. Although there are large regional variations, it is not infrequent to find a large number of people sitting here and there and doing nothing.
B. Once in office, they receive friends and relatives who feel free to call any time without prior appointment.
C. While working, one is struck by the slow and clumsy actions and reactions, indifferent attitudes, procedure rather than outcome orientation, and the lack of consideration for others.
D. Even those who are employed often come late to the office and leave early unless they are forced to be punctual.
E. Work is not intrinsically valued in India.
F. Quite often people visit ailing friends and relatives or go out of their way to help them in their personal matters even during office hours.

49

A. But in the industrial era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity means bombing the factories which are located in the cities.
B. So in the agrarian era, if you need to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, what you want to do is burn his fields, or if you’re really vicious, salt them.
C. Now in the information era, destroying the enemy’s productive capacity means destroying the information infrastructure.
D. How do you battle with your enemy?
E. The idea is to destroy the enemy’s productive capacity, and depending upon the economic foundation, that productive capacity is different in each case.
F. With regard to defence, the purpose of the military is to defend the nation and be prepared to do battle with its enemy.

ANSWER:-

45 BEADC
46 ECBDA
47 BEDCA
48 EADBFC
49 FDEBAC

A. I am much more intolerant of a human being’s shortcomings than I am of an animal’s, but in this respect I have been lucky, for most of the people I have come across have been charming.
B. Then you come across the unpleasant human animal—the District Officer who drawled, “We chaps are here to help you chaps,’ and then proceeded to be as obstructive as possible.
C. In these cases of course, the fact that you are an animal collector helps; people always seem delighted to meet someone with such an unusual occupation and go out of their way to assist you.
D. Fortunately, these types are rare, and the pleasant ones I have met more than compensated for them—but even so, I think I will stick to animals.

E. When you travel round the world collecting animals you also, of necessity, collect human beings.

A. Surrendered, or captured, combatants cannot be incarcerated in razor wire cages; this ‘war’ has a dubious legality.
B. How can then one characterize a conflict to be waged against a phenomenon as war?
C. The phrase ‘war against terror’, which has passed into the common lexicon, is a huge misnomer.
D. Besides, war has a juridical meaning in international law, which has codified the laws of war, imbuing them with a humanitarian content.
E. Terror is a phenomenon, not an entity—either State or non-State.

A. To avoid this, the QWERTY layout put the keys most likely to be hit in rapid succession on opposite sides. This made the keyboard slow, the story goes, but that was the idea.
B. A different layout, which had been patented by August Dvorak in 1936, was shown to be much faster.
C. The QWERTY design (patented by Christopher Sholes in 1868 and sold to Remington in 1873) aimed to solve a mechanical problem of early typewriters.
D. Yet the Dvorak layout has never been widely adopted, even though (with electric typewriters and then PCs) the anti-jamming rationale for QWERTY has been defunct for years.
E. When certain combinations of keys were struck quickly, the type bars often jammed.

A. Branded disposable diapers are available at many supermarkets and drug stores.
B. If one supermarket sets a higher price for a diaper, customers may buy that brand elsewhere.
C. By contrast, the demand for private-label products may be less price sensitive since it is available only at a corresponding supermarket chain.
D. So, the demand for branded diapers at any particular store may be quite price sensitive.
E. For instance, only SavOn Drugs stores sell SavOn Drugs diapers.
F. Then, stores should set a higher incremental margin percentage for private-label diapers.

A. Having a strategy is a matter of discipline.
B. It involves the configuration of a tailored value chain that enables a company to offer unique value.
C. It requires a strong focus on profitability and a willingness to make tough tradeoffs in choosing what not to do.
D. Strategy goes far beyond the pursuit of best practices.
E. A company must stay the course even during times of upheaval, while constantly improving and extending its distinctive positioning.
F. When a company’s activities fit together as a self-reinforcing system, any competitor wishing to imitate a strategy must replicate the whole system.

ANSWERS

50 EACBD

51 CEBDA
52 CEABD
53 ADBCEF
54 ACEDBF

Saturday 30 July 2016

PTE Essays

1. Do you think consumers should avoid over packaged products or is it the responsibility of producers?

Over packaging of products has become a trend in today's competitive world. Producers are trying to attract consumers with attractive packaging of their products, not bothered about its negative impact not only on our environment but the users as well. It should be the responsibility of the producers to limit the wastage of the resources in the form of un-necessary packaging.

There are reasonable arguments in favor of over packaging from manufacturer. They try to make products as lucrative looking as possible. Consumers have number of alternative options in the market but some of them concern style or looks of packaging while deciding to buy a product. Attractive packaging could be significant factor for selling more. The cost of over packaging is actually added to the product sold. In fact, at times it is seen the packing cost and durability is more than the product itself. The type of packaging found in pharmaceutical industries can be taken as an example here. Pills and tablets are found to be packed in much bigger and colorful strips than needed. Does this increase the sale of medicine? No. Such packaging is of no concern to the consumers. But, the cost of medicine would have definitely been lesser if sold in a simple outlook.

Further, the material used is mostly non-disposable which adds to the environmental pollution to a great extent. Snacks and other food items packaged in eye-catchy shimmering colored packets are consumed in a large scale by everybody. These packets are really difficult to dispose as they emit poisonous gas. Producers should realize the importance of using materials like paper and stick to simple packaging.

In my opinion, packaging as seen increases the cost of the product and also makes our environment unhealthy. So, this packaging boom should be checked on a serious note by the producers. Moreover, the producers should be restricted with predefined rules and parameters set by the government. It is also recommended that an awareness among the users that quality of the product is important rather than the attractive packaging.

2. Many people think that regions affect successful person. What is your opinion about native region and accomplished person’s influence on the region he belongs to?

Success in any area of life never happens in a complete vacuum. Often it is just as much dependent on an individual’s will-power and intelligence as it is on their environment and outside circumstances.

Native environment plays a detrimental role in inculcating traits such as leadership, social skills etc. These qualities an individual acquires over a period of time. The behavior of people in neighborhood, school friends and college friends significantly affects behavior and skills of a person. Even the strongest and brightest of minds will find it difficult to achieve their goals if they are in a completely wrong environment for them. For example, surrounding yourself with friends who are more self-disciplined can also help you become more self disciplined. And if you hang around with people who are lazy and don’t study for class, it’s likely you’ll end up with similar grades as them too.

On the contrary, it is not only native environment that is responsible for development of an individual and his success. After an individual moves out from his native place to some other place for work he tends to learn new things that he was not aware about at his home place. Moving to other places introduces an individual to new ideas and new ways of doing things. It allows a person to think in a broad perspective and this open minded thinking plays a vital role in a person’s success. For example, Dhirubhai Ambani a famous Indian businessman achieved all his success only after leaving his home town.

Conclusively, every aspect of your external life has some influence over your internal thoughts and behaviors. At the same time, it is not exaggerate to say that there are a lot of other factors that take an individual towards success.

3. Some people think law changes our behaviour. Discuss. OR
Some people believe law changes human behaviour. Do you agree/disagree?

Everyone knows that laws are the rules laid by the government on the citizens of their respective country. It helps in smooth functioning of the nation by governing the behavior of people. It is disagreed that laws can change behavior of a person. It can only assist in creating a disciplined environment for the society and controlling the crime to some extent but not eliminating it.

Firstly, imposing laws has created a sense of fear among people of getting punished. For instance, damaging the historical monuments, books, paintings, sculptures or other form of art is considered a crime and is punishable under vandalism law. This example shows that a person with moral responsibility will take care of other’s assets but a person who is not worried about the consequences will deface them. Thus, we can say that human’s action can be regulated by laws but cannot be changed completely.

In addition, in our day to day life, we follow rules without even realizing them. Traffic law is an example of this. Today, most of us follow the traffic signals out of habit. We stop at a red light, start an indicator before a turn and wear seat belt when we are on road. Thus, we can say that laws embed some changes in human behavior to some extent. However, we are still facing road-accidents which clearly show that rules and regulations have controlled the behavior of mankind without altering them completely.

In my opinion, laws are meant for restraining people’s illegal behavior that might be harmful to the society. Although laws cannot reform human nature, they can influence people’s deepest thoughts. Thus, I partially agree with the issue statement.

4. Roles of governments, companies and individuals to combat climate change.

Nowadays, climate change and global warming issues have become very popular and widely discussed issues. Many people discuss about the evidence of climate change and propose solution on how to solve a lot of problems from the climate change effect. I firmly believe that steps should be taken to reduce the damage that we are causing to the planet.

To begin with, the main reason of the environmental pollution is increasing trend of transportation and industries. The smokes from the vehicles are the main reason of the environmental pollution in major cities like Kathmandu. These old vehicles emit harmful chemicals and gases like nitrogen oxide and carbon monoxide, which are harmful to living beings and also destroys the earth protecting ozone layer. In addition, the chemicals are being highly used in the industries; as a result those harmful chemicals are left into the rivers and land, which is being the major cause of water pollution.

Government and private companies could certainly make more efforts to reduce air pollution. They could introduce laws to limit emissions from factories or to force factories to use renewable energy from solar, wind or water power. The government must organize awareness programs for public. The government should take action immediately to stop deforestation by strict law and monitoring.

Individuals should also take responsibility for the impact they have on the environment. They can take public transport rather than driving, choose products with less packaging, and recycle as much as possible. Most supermarkets now provide reusable bags for shoppers as well as ‘banks’ for recycling glass. By reusing and recycling, we can help to reduce waste. We can make a big difference by making small changes in our daily routine, for example - using energy efficient appliances in daily cores, taking a walk or cycling for short distances.

In conclusion, I would maintain that only a combination of agreement, national policies, and changes in individual behavior will succeed in preventing further damage to the environment.

5. You are given climate as the field of study. Which area will you prefer? Explain why you picked up the particular area for your study?

All over the world today, it can be observed that the issue of climate study has gain importance over the past few decades. Imagining a situation where the writer would be given a chance to take up climate as the field of study, I would choose the area of preventive measures and adaptive measures for climate change.

To begin with, climate change in our modern world is very complex. The impact had impacted many people around the world, such as extreme weather and water pollution. The area that I would be interested to study is preventive measures; action that will delay further damages to our climate. For example, urging industries to stop using fossil fuel and convert them into using clean energy such as wind and sunlight. Another example is to produce fresh water by reducing water pollution and funding research into water desalination. By looking at these examples, it becomes evident that preventive measures would be able to stabilize current trend in environmental pollution.

In addition, adaptive measures in climate study are also important area as we need to be prepared in facing current climate changes. The steps can be formulated as requesting government to form a special task force for coordinating team during natural disaster, forming a special insurance fund account that would help citizen during time of crisis, and educating rural residents to be mentally and physically prepared should the natural disaster happen.

In the end, after analyzing these points into consideration, from a personal perspective, I conclude that picking up preventive and adaptive measures in climate study are important and should be promoted to the general public.

6. The environment we live in is in danger due to various problems. What are the underlying causes? Who is responsible to combat this? What measures?

The damage to the environment is increasing at an alarming rate. It has become a major concern over the last couple of decades, resulting in several debates on who should be responsible for ensuring its sustenance for our future generations.

Over population is one of the pivotal reasons that have detrimental effects on the environment. Increase in population demand more food resources, living space and others basic amenities of life. For instance, for the sake of accommodation many natural parks and forests have been wiped out to fulfill the need of living space. An essential problem of the 21st century is world pollution. Lately, many presentations, conferences and international summits are held to deal with waste treatment, recycling, and soil and water contamination. For instance, governments should offer support to companies and organizations, involved in manufacturing, industry or agriculture in order to find environment-friendly approaches. To support further, individuals can make a conscious effort to change their lifestyle, by cutting down the use of private cars and use public transport. In other words, serious attempt could be made by individuals to travel to work regularly by buses and trains, which are cheap and abundant. Individual’s efforts could be taken into account opting for eco friendly substitutes. For example, people can use paper and cloth bags instead of plastic in supermarkets.

It is certainly true that the environmental problems cannot be solved without the help of governments. To begin, governments have more power than individuals in coping the environmental problems. They can, for instance, set up laws that ban the emission of wastes from factory directly into the air and water courses. As a consequence, less air pollution and water pollution guarantee the good health of citizens. By doing this, citizens will be healthier and they can now live in a pollution-free country.

In conclusion, it seems to me that environmental problem is the worrying concern and individuals have a crucial role in joining hands with the government in reducing the harm caused to the environment. Lack of individual participation could mean that addressing environmental issue is beyond reach. I believe that the environmental problems will be solved one day and our country will continue to prosper and flourish in the years to come.

7. Nowadays, the mass media including TV, radio and newspaper have become the essential part of our lives. They influence our society and shape our opinions and characters. What is your opinion? OR
Information revolution has changed the way of mass communications and had some negative and positive effects on individual lives as well as on society. To what extent do you agree or disagree? OR

Communication has changed significantly in the last 10 years. Discuss pros and cons impacts.

“People react according to the perspective they hold in any situation" is a well-known and accepted fact around the world. Of course, perspective is highly influenced by the information people receive through communication channels like TV, radio and newspapers. I personally support that the mass media have strong effect in forming people’s thinking for some reasons.

Now a days, media plays a vital role in forming our perspectives towards our country's current politics, sports and other issues as it is an important part of our everyday life. Almost all of us use some sort of media to get updated about the world. In fact for many of us, a day starts with a newspaper. Furthermore, the development of technology creates a new trend of enjoying the mass media by internet. The ease of access, cheap cost, and mobility increase the amount of people who obtain information from the mass media. Media also shapes our minds to understand each other's cultural values and perspectives. Media brings us views of different people over same issues, and based on the circumstances we react, oppose and even embrace these different views. So, the vital impact of media cannot be disregarded. For example: in multi-cultural cities like Toronto, media plays a prominent role in unifying people from multi nations and pumps in nationality.

On the other side, human brain works every second absorbing information consciously and unconsciously. In many cases, human keeps unconsciously absorbed information for a long time rather than consciously absorbed one. By repetition of the same information, the mass media unintentionally shapes people’s ideas. The clearest fact today shows that with much news about crime published almost every day through TV, radio, and newspaper, people start to accept that crime is an ordinary matter in their life. It results in the increasing of crime rate.

To recapitulate, mass media have become epidemic all around the world. The influence of it is undeniable; hence, it is equally important to ensure the freedom of media and publication of unbiased news.

8. Television has many useful functions to play in everyone's life, for some its relaxation, for some it is companion. Discuss your viewpoint and support your answer with examples and discussion point.

With the popularization of high-end television being introduced to people, the functions of it have significantly influenced the public regardless of the extent. Some people think it is an effective as well as entertaining device to educate, while others dispute that it has been abused and cannot play a key role in teaching.

Nowadays, television contains twenty four hour news channels which update current happenings around the world and helps to gain profound knowledge. Advertisement about new and existing products and their discounts helps people to awareness about the latest product in the markets. It provides various entertainment programs which relaxes mind from the hectic pace of daily activities. Discussion and debate program in the television alleviates to acquire knowledge about various topics. Moreover updated weather forecast helps to be alert on storms and cyclones. Additionally, programs on channels like National geographic and Discovery are quite exhaustive and provide vital information to viewers. For example, the program on analysis of aircraft disasters can actually teach viewers/students the right approach to be followed in carrying out failure investigations and performing root cause analysis.

However, people’s reactions have been affected dramatically due to the contents shown by television. For the teenagers, the impact can last for a very long time, sometimes even forever. Nowadays, the coverage about juvenile delinquencies has been noticed frequently and parts of it are caused by the violent contents or extreme thoughts shown on TV whose original purposes should be entertaining and educating. Also, not only have young people been affected, some adults also became victims of television. Some shows are extremely long and they oblige the audiences to keep watching. As a result of it, audiences forget their works and get idler, sitting on the coach and staring at the meaningless TV shows regardless of the length of them. Furthermore, for increasing the profits, different companies put exaggerated commercials on TV and encourage consumers to try their products. Although some of them may really satisfy customers’ need, others only want to promote their products to public.

In the end, I would like to put my pen down stating that people being dismissive of the role of television in education is not entirely correct. To a large extent its importance as a learning aid will lie with the user and the way it is utilized. Television can certainly be an efficient tool to aid learning and enhance the overall quality of education if the right approach is adopted.

9. It is as important for school children to study music, art and sport as it is for them to become literate and numerate.' How far do you agree with this statement? Support your point of view with reasons and or examples from your own experience. OR
Subjects such as Art, Sport and Music are being dropped from the school curriculum for subjects such as Information Technology. To what extent would you support or reject the idea of moving these subjects from school curriculum?

Subjects like art, sport and music nurture the talents and creativity of students in school. Removing such subjects from the curriculum would definitely have a negative impact on the physical and psychological development of children of that age group. Hence, I would completely object to the idea of removing these subjects, even if it is to fit in important subjects like Information Technology.

I support that stand that the purpose of education is not only to develop the academic ability of students but also to nurture their creative talents and sporting abilities, leading to the comprehensive growth of the personality of an individual. If the above disciplines are removed from school syllabus in order to accommodate new subjects, the real purpose of education would be defeated and it would be limited to academic pursuits alone. For example, if schools do not give opportunity to children who are gifted in music, dance and sports to develop their skills, it would certainly stunt the inborn talents. Apart from school hours, they hardly get a chance to engage in such activities. Hence, school authorities should ensure that sufficient time is given to sport, arts and related activities, in spite of the pressure from new subjects.

Secondly, if school hours are completed packed with academic subjects children would hardly get time to refresh their mind. This would mean that creative and recreational activities like music and sports would give them time to unload their pressures of academic studies and examinations. Furthermore, the opportunity to engage in activities of their interest would make education an enjoyable experience for children. The study of academic subjects hardly gives any room for developing socialization skills, team work and leadership qualities.

Therefore, my point is that we should retain these traditional subjects in line with modern subject in the school curriculum to fulfill the children's potentiality to the fullest.

10. Company’s top level authorities should get their employees in decision making process. Discuss.

It is a true fact to consider that today's world has become a global village. Due to that reason, business has to face huge competition to catch-up the highly competitive market. Considering this, there are some analysts who hold an opinion that in the company top management should consider employees suggestions or ideas before making the decisions or innovation while others consider that they should take decision on their own.

Higher authorities should consider employees suggestions or ideas before taking important decisions for the company. First and foremost, job experience could be a significant factor. It is generally seen that majority of the people working in the particular area have become experienced professionals with many practical knowledge that the management could use in their favor for decision making. The fact could be demonstrate by in the food processing industry: food process has been divide in various sectors such as, harvesting, separating, filling, packaging and labeling etc. and to take decision appropriate employees should be engaged in decision making. The engagement of employees in decision making creates a very positive impression and inspires them to work better. The employees start feeling as part of the company and their output significantly increases.

There are some groups who are in favor of the idea that management should not consider employees suggestions or ideas when they make decisions. There are companies in which they believe that higher management are responsible to come up with best decision and innovation for better future, because they believe employees add ideas or suggestions for their personal interests.

In closing, undoubtedly, company managements have higher responsibility to take plausibility of implementation for the healthier future; however, as far as I am concerned, lower level worked force has immense experienced of their profession. Therefore, without any reasonable concern employees cannot be neglected and their decision and feedback should always be included while taking any decision for the company.

11. In under developed countries, tourism has disadvantages and can be said the opposite as well.

Due to the advancement in technology, the world has become a smaller place. People can easily travel anywhere across the world as good transportation facilities are available. This is one of the important reasons why tourism has developed as an industry. It is a valuable source of foreign exchange for the governments of countries like Switzerland, Mauritius. It also helps to flourish many other industries like food, hotel, handicraft, etc.

Tourism provides us an opportunity to visit the places of historical value or places with scenic beauty, which was only a dream in the past. We get a chance to see people, culture and traditions of other parts of the country as well as world. Government has benefited a lot through this industry, so it tries to boost it by organizing fairs, exhibitions, cultural events and so on.

On the flip side, this industry gives rise to a lot of problems too. Tourist spots become overcrowded. They are also getting commercialized. This destroys the beauty of that very place. Visitors and tourist litter the place with wrappers, fruit skins, cold drinks cans, etc., which spoils the environment. There are problems with traffic, which ultimately leads to pollution. It causes harm to the greenery of the place. Sometimes even the antisocial activities like smuggling and drug trafficking are promoted. The culture is also affected to a certain extent. For example, when foreigners come to visit a certain place, the local people are influenced by them, especially the youngsters. Sometimes they develop an inferior view for their own culture and try to copy them.

I completely agree with the given statement. Government must try to maintain the tourist spots properly and preserve the natural beauty. Strict rules and regulations should be implemented against any kind of illegal activity.

12. "Value added by travel is Education. Is travel a necessary component of education or not? Will scholar sitting at home have more knowledge than one who travels? "

The development of society is going towards a globalised world where education is an essential foundation for personal, social and economic success. Travelling as the real sense indicates to learn more and more. It has thus, an educative view.

The world is very wide place in which different cultures, manners and customs. A man living comfortably at home can have no idea of these. But, natural heart-hunger moves out of a sphere he lives in. This will contribute in creating individuals with a broader understanding of issues concerning today’s society rather than limiting them in a scope of home education system. For example, universities have a large community of students both from the local area and all around the globe. The diverse academic community enhances the quality of learning by providing wider spectrum of opinions and expertise. Nevertheless, our narrowness and angularities may wear away and we may be liberal in everything, but by travelling, we are inclined to know and appreciate others. This gives us an opportunity to relieve of prejudices that we usually have about others whom we do not intimately know. Importantly, book knowledge is often theoretical in nature. Knowledge acquired through travel is practical. It supplements book knowledge and can make man a complete whole.

The communication difficulties of the ancient times do no longer exist. So travelling now-a-days has become easier and less expensive. The present day world has become smaller for communication facilities and people all over the world are eager to know each other and become closer. One who lags behind will assuredly be denied a share in the universal brotherhood.

Thus, undertaking travels during and after education is imperative for all of us. Our yearning spirit should ever desire to follow knowledge like a sinking star beyond the utmost bound of human thought.

13. Travel to study is overrated. We have brilliant scholars who studied locally. Is travel really required for higher studies?

The development of society is going towards a globalised world where education is an essential foundation for personal, social and economic success. International studies are becoming a new trend for young people as a way to expand their education beyond their traditional education style. It is agreed that adding a foreign qualification has become an integral part of higher studies. This argument is proven by looking at how it widens people’s perspective and helps them with better career opportunities.

Studying abroad helps people increase their awareness about different cultures of the world. This will contribute in creating individuals with a broader understanding of issues concerning today’s society rather than limiting them in a scope of home education system. For example, universities have a large community of students both from the local area and all around the globe. The diverse academic community enhances the quality of learning by providing wider spectrum of opinions and expertise. This example clearly shows that international education enhances outlook and sharpens self-awareness. Therefore, we can say that traveling is an important element of education.

Moreover, acquiring a globally recognized qualification or degree opens the doors for international job market. The students gain more knowledge and expertise when abroad and apply them to situations requiring international interactions. Also, employers look for the graduates with international experience either by studying or working abroad. Thus, we can say that international studies add value to a student’s education.

In summary, it can be said that travelling to foreign countries for higher studies is a key to succeed in this globalised planet.

14. The space travel is fantastic these day and astronauts are very fascinate towards it. But there are many environmental problems in our planet. We should resolve the problems or travel space and spend a lot of money?

Nations after nations, every day, every year, celebrates its achievements in space exploration. There is an argument that exploring space is a waste of money and that there are more urgent needs to be addressed on earth, such as reducing poverty and preventing environmental destruction.

First, until all urgent and important matters of the globe have been solved, money bumped on space exploration is meaningless. It is not a common sense at all to invest millions of dollars researching and producing foods for astronauts, while every day thousands of people are starving. Furthermore, the discovery of outer space only serves a minor group of people if the majorities are even not well-educated.

Turning the coin, some may argue that the purpose of space exploration are to discover new lands, new energy resources or to deter potential threat to globe. Nevertheless, is it effective to do so while other alternatives are available? Lands on earth are no yet effectively used. New energy resources have not yet been widely-used. Threats of plagues have not yet been deterred. many of the technologies we take for granted today were originated thanks to space research. Take satellite technology, for example, which we depend on for broadcasting and weather forecasting. Without satellites, we would not be able to follow global events as they happen, nor give populations any warning of approaching storms. Gradually, we are learning how humans can survive for long periods in space and even travel to other planets in the future. If space exploration is halted, this valuable knowledge will never be acquired.

In a nutshell, people should only invest in space exploration provided that urgent and important matters mentioned earlier in this essay have been solved. Also, purposes of space exploration campaigns should be studied carefully and other alternatives should be considered before the money is wasted.

15. Large shopping malls are replacing small shops. Your opinion? Good or bad?

In the current modern era, commercialization has grown rapidly. The shopping facilities have attracted people more and metro cities are flooded with numerous shopping complexes. Hence, it has affected the small markets to a great extent.

Looking at the positive side of shopping malls, there are countable things which are mentioned below. Firstly, big shopping malls are pulling the customers through attractive displays. People generally have tendency to go on looks first. They portray the products in a very stylish and beautiful manner. Secondly, the infrastructure of these malls is very spacious and provides other recreational activities like multiplexes, food-courts and fun games for children. Thirdly, the quality of products is assured and chances of cheating become less. They provide credit card purchases which lets people to not carry cash in hand.

Big shopping malls also provide flexible schemes on specific days. To substantiate it with an example, the Big-Bazaar mall of my city offers 50% discount on glossary and garment on Wednesday. It draws people’s demand to do shopping more and more.

However, with the wake of increased demand of shopping malls, the existence of small markets is still not negligible. The shopkeepers and vendors in small markets are very flexible on price. They give special attention to customers who visits them frequently. Needless to mention, economic conditions of people affects their purchase behavior and that is why group of people choose to shop from small markets. There are scopes for bargaining die to the intention of selling stocks rapidly.

To summarize, it is a balanced opinion to the statement. Big shopping mall serves everything under the same roof with pretty good choices. Still I think small markets have a place in people’s heart as it is a traditional way of shopping.

16. Nowadays, people spend too much time at work to the extent that they hardly have time for their personal life. Discuss.

In the contemporary society, more and more people are drowning in office's hustle and bustle, pursuing their shimmering and sometimes illusion goals, unable to withdraw themselves from the predicament that less and less time is spent together with their families and friends.

Long working hours are the norm these days and that is hardly surprising. In this competitive job scenario people are forced to work harder and harder. When people spend more hours working, they get less time for themselves. This is not necessarily a positive development because it can lead to health problems as well as the disruption of families and personal relationships. Some people work overtime voluntarily while some are compelled by external forces such as senior staffs and mandatory sales target. Nonetheless, behind the both cases, there is one common account which is people's hot pursuit of material possession, which is to a large extent proportional to prestige and social status. Human's society is saturated with competition, as the total resource is limited and the allocation of these resources to individuals largely depends on how hard you try, and how many opportunities you are able to seize. Consequentially, more people choose to give up their leisure time, striving in the illuminated office with a cup of coffee.

However, by sacrificing their personal time, they have scrambled to the pinnacle of their career, sitting on the hill of gold and trophies, only to find no one is willing to share the moment with them - they are all alone. Their family is teetering on the brink of being broken and their friends are no longer sincere and hearty; instead of being fruitful as anticipated, their life ends up being mired. This situation also jeopardizes the whole society by enlarging the gap between individuals and compelling the society into a vicious.

Life is not all about achieving and accomplishing. I assert that, it's probably the time for some people to take a pause. A proper work-life balance is absolutely essential to lead a contented life. It is hoped that companies arrange their working hours in such a way that employees also get some time for themselves.

17. It is usually foolish to get married before completing your studies and getting established in a good job? Do you agree or disagree".

No one can deny that the age of getting married is different from one country to another and from one culture to another. Some prefer early marriages while others prefer late marriages. In both cases, there is need to understand the workings of the marriage institution before plunging into it.

Looking at one side, early marriage is advantageous because it offers permanent family support to the couple from an early age. This helps the couple to enjoy mutual development in life. When one enjoins to another person in marriage, he/she is determined to support it towards achieving their goals. Progress becomes crucial for both of the partners since they have shared needs and experiences. Moreover, those who get into marriage at an early age are able to get children at a young age and therefore take care of them during their employment time as they grow. This enables them to support their children in their major stages in life, for example, in education, marriage, and even settlement.

On the other hand, getting married at a young age has many disadvantages too an early age is considered that they are from 14 years old to 20 years old. The main disadvantage is they miss out on the fun of teenage life. It will deprive them of their youth. So, they can't live their life as a normal child as others who are at the same age. One other disadvantage is that bringing up children may be difficult for their young parents, because their knowledge of child care and attention to children may not be enough. So, they will not be able to provide the appropriate care for their child. Moreover, a disadvantage is that early marriage can affect the mother's health. Young mothers are exposed to severe health problems. Early pregnancy and childbirth can have a negative impact on mother's health at young age. Additionally, getting married early distracts people from studying. Once they spend time on their daily lives, they don't have time to cover their studies. Without studying, rarely do they make progress in their career. Thus, it makes people difficult in bringing up their children well. Finally, people who marry early are more likely to get divorced.

In conclusion, there are both positive and negative impacts on young couples. In my opinion, I believe that the most suitable married gap age is between 22 to 25 years old because at that stage people can obtain more advantages than the drawbacks from their marriage.

18. In education system, assessment through formal written examination still valid?

Our education system is constantly changing, there is no denying that. However, as our education system changes, some people argued that formal written examination is no longer valid. This claim will be analyzed by looking at technology usage and skill assessment aspect.

To begin with, the tools used during written examination are limited to paper and pen. In the current modern age, people no longer have a good handwriting skill. This would lead people in producing a poor handwritten paper, hence teachers should consider in using computer-based test. The computer is able to give a faster turnaround time for score result and being more objective for essay scoring. While for human examiner, they need to spend a longer time in reading the written answer and worry of being subjective in essay scoring.

On top of everything, teachers are unable to appreciate students’ full potential ability by using written examination. For example, students’ creativity and communication skills could not be included into a written test. Based on this, we know that using written examination is no longer valid especially in this 21st century; we need learning skills such as critical thinking, creative thinking, communicating and collaborating in order to success in school and beyond.

To recapitulate, assessment through formal written examination is deemed invalid and outdated in the current modern age. As mentioned in above points, taking and scoring a handwritten paper is time-consuming for both students and teachers, also it does not provide a holistic view of students’ full potential. It is hoped that teachers would adopt the technology and using different methods in preparing students to success in this 21st century.

19. The only thing that interferes with my leaning is my education- Einstein. What does he mean by that? And do you think he is correct?

Education is the acquiring of knowledge, skills, habits, values and beliefs from our teachers and seniors. In our traditional or conventional education system the content of the education is limited to already established customs and practices. We only learn the knowledge, which has been discovered or invented earlier. The format of the education limits the learning of the students.

Firstly, when Einstein gave this statement he experienced that students learn through a formally designed education pattern restricting their thought process. In fact, formal education limits the doors of imagination and creativity. There is little chance for exploring things, because the best way to learn something is to experience it. Thus, students are not encouraged to think out of the box and search for solution themselves.

However on the contrary, if we started allowing kids to say, they do not need school they would probably learn nothing, as most of the average student does not have the motivation or interest to master something on their own. Einstein was exceptional. As we cannot expect that all students would be as capable as Einstein, so it is really necessary to impart the basic education, knowledge & skills to children, like reading and writing in order to survive in this world.

Lastly, the education systems have undergone a lot of changes, recently, in order to enhance the cognitive abilities of the students. For example in Stanford University, usually a mentor is assigned to few students, who would not interfere in the learning process of the students. This helps the students to develop creative skills and think out of the box. The mentors are only there to be their guide and help them if they are approached and they share their experiences with the students. This way the students would be completing their studies in their own way and style.

In the end, we can conclude that the present education system has evolved from its traditional approach to be more students friendly which encourages them to bring out the best of the talents and abilities to the world.

20. The illiterate of the 21st century will not be those who cannot read and write, but those who cannot learn, unlearn, and relearn. Agree or Disagree?

It was stated by "Alvin Toffler". How effective is the education we receive? As one of the world's wealthy countries, we could reasonably expect that our education system would rate as one of the world's best. Around the world, education systems are struggling to remain relevant in a changing world.

Schools and Colleges play a vital role in teaching us. These institutions often tend to force their students to learn more and more, without mastering the fundamentals. Students who love their subjects and enjoy their books are becoming hard to find day by day. Industries view degree holders as abstracted and tuned resources for their need. So, “learning” has not been given the due respect by all the players: students, educational institutions and industries.

Unlearning and relearning are tightly coupled and usually happens together. Unlearning and relearning do not mean that one should forget the things he had learnt and learn it again at some point of time in his life. This is a very common misinterpretation I find among the people. But in reality, unlearning happens when you are open to new prospective to the things you already know. Relearning happens when you accept a new perspective and appreciate your knowledge from that perspective. When we learn something for the first time, we will be focusing to get a bigger and abstracted view of it. We ignore small and important features. After learning something, a small discussion with friends or teaching someone or trying to summarize your learning will make you realize the minute details that you have missed when you learnt it. Unlearning and relearning applies not only for education; but also to any form of knowledge or skill that we acquire. Our knowledge and skill need to be improved day by day.

In conclusion, Education is about molding the future of our nation and of each individual. Be open to thoughts. Keep learning, unlearning and relearning.

21. “In a war of ideas, it is people who get killed”. Does a common man suffer from a group’s ideology? Express your opinion, and support the same with reasons and examples.

In today’s world of freedom, an idea represents thinking of an individual. Undoubtedly, since ages human beings have been fighting due to the conflicts of the ideas they have. Nevertheless, it is also true that these clashes of opinions beget to such perilous decisions of particular groups which are the threats for mankind. As far as, it is concerned to me, I opine that with this statement due the various reasons. There is a profound impact of the ideology amidst the general army of individuals.

To commence with, world is full of diverse cultural folks and every person has its own thought. Masses vary in religion, caste, surroundings and so on. It leads to different perceptions towards various things. The thinking which is embedded in every persons mind that he is right as well as not to listen other's ideas leads to conflict. In such kind of conflict, common man becomes the sufferer. This can be best explained by an example of terrorism which is a cause of different thinking's.

Another reason can be due to politician. It is certainly true that the main work of politicians is to serve the nation. However, to show an edge over the other politicians, sometimes they take undue advantage of their power. They follow all the means to fulfill their desires. Consequently, it leads to riots. It includes killing of various innocent people who become the prey of violence. To epitome, a group of countries namely US, UK and China united and attacked Japan with explosive atomic bombs destroying the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, killing more than one lacks civilians. This is a clear example of the decision laid by a few countries against Japan to surrender to its Allies. Though, these countries achieved victory in their mission but Japanese people are still suffering from the radioactive radiation effect which resulted in blindness and mental disorders.

To it is common man who is suffering from the social, economical and political interests of a few people. It is hoped that in future, the major decisions concerning every citizen or the civilians of another country, would be taken considering its consequences. A subtle manifestation is required to prosper the society as well whole country.

22. Is it true that conformity almost always leads to a deadening of individual creativity and energy? Is non-conformity almost always to be welcomed?

Conformity is an essential element that helps to maintain standards of work ethics. It has a different role in every aspect of professionalism and its strong implementation depends upon the nature of job. It will be false to say that, it always leads to deadening of individual creativity and energy.

Let us throw some light on the various aspects where conformity is strongly implemented and where non-conformity to be welcomed. Creativity must not have any boundaries. If one works only in accordance with the specified rules and satisfies only common beliefs, then output is bound to be mediocre and non-creative. Creativity comes from imagination and thinking out of the box. But if an individual is forced to work in conformity with something or someone, then there is no space left for the personal creativity and energy. The energy that the potential individual holds goes in vain. Mostly the organizations such as educational institutes like schools and colleges and work places like companies guides individuals to work only in the conventional way.

On other side, non-conformity can be welcomed where there is some form of invention and experiments involved. For new inventions, one needs a free space physically and mentally. If he is under the influence of strict rules, chances to produce something unique will be very less. For example, scientists, artists, architects and many more. There is no denying the fact that non conformity may leads to detrimental effects, but in close supervision these can be easily wiped out.

In a nutshell, if we keep a healthy and free environment for an individual where he can put his entire talent and energy to complete the assigned task in a required manner, the results will be incremental and fruitful. We must pave a way to the notion of non-conformity.

23. Is it true that greatness of an individual can be decided only by those who live after him or her and not by their contemporaries? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer.

We live our life and try to utilize our given span to do something good for our kith and kin, so that they will remember us as with good memories. But in my opinion it not necessary that everyone who live after us decide our greatness, even contemporaries can decide it.

Family members will decide if we have made them financially independent with insurance policies, real estate, bank balance etc. Many decide with the marvelous human qualities or superb career, victories, successes. These are the personal life angles. Professionally also people remember us if we have done miraculous jobs. Our work, money, adventurous compels people to decide us as a great personality. The ideal people have done the hard work throughout their lives and had given the fruitful results to the future generations. The example for this is Mahatma Gandhi in India. During the year 1947, he has done the excellent work in collectively organizing the meetings, spreading the awareness of freedom in the society. This has benefited the Indian society to achieve the freedom.

There are also cases, where the greatness of those people has been revealed by their contemporaries. For example, Nelson Mandela in Africa has started the revolution in which, many of the notorious persons have joined and supported the cause. However, people have hard hearts to appreciate anyone's arduous and great works in any fields. People are capricious as well. Unless and until we burn our midnight oils and prove ourselves, no one will decide our high position, especially in the contemporary era when things are detrimental. Very few persons are lucky enough to get pearls and diamonds of appreciations from contemporaries. Hammering the last nail, both the side greatness will be decided, after our death and contemporaries. But when we alive and we are decided great will be something called as cherry on cake.

In the end, I opine that not only by materialistic achievements but our compassionate activities for all people for the world, great karma and inner spiritual qualities makes us great.

24.       Talk about pros/cons of this era as it is full of daily inventions.     OR
What are the greatest inventions of the 20^th century among medicine, aeroplane and computers, why?     OR
Any recent invention that you think proved beneficial or detrimental to society. OR
In the past 100 years, there have been many inventions such as antibiotics, airplanes and computers.   What do you think is the most important of them? Why?

20^th century has been the century of inventions and innovations. Fields like transport, telecom, medical, education etc. all have seen the phenomenal developments but one of the significant revolutions in the technology is internet. The internet has changed the landscape of human life to an unimaginable level. The computer has made this planet just like a global village and created millions on employment opportunities.

Firstly, the computer has transformed this planet into one family. Everyone who wants information regarding anything can access through the internet in just a matter of seconds regardless of his place and location. You can view of information, lifestyle, population and other geographical information of any country in the world. For instance, if I want to compare the top universities of the world it would hardly take a minute which would otherwise be not possible without this blessing. It is evident that internet has shrunken this world like one home in which everyone is a family member.

Secondly, the internet has created job opportunities for millions of people. Work options have been created in the form of web designing, web hosting, online product sales, software development and hundreds more which cannot be listed here. For example, the biggest company in the world which has the most expensive share in New York Stock exchange is none other than Google. This supports the logic that internet has been one of significant cause of job creation.

However, there are some drawbacks also of this technology. Cybercrimes and fake business have entered in this world of internet. To illustrate that, many hackers have hacked the important and national security websites of not only third world countries but also leading nations like United States. These cybercrimes are playing the havoc with the intelligence agencies of the world. Thus, it can be seen that these crimes are depicting the negative pictures of this technology.

To summarize, internet has truly changed the face of the world making it a very small one and giving the opportunities of millions of people to earn their livelihood. The internet has truly been the greatest development of 20th century. It is recommended that states should make tight laws to curb the illegal activity going on internet.

Daily Inventions/Future Inventions

In 21th century this process is very quicker than last decades and centuries and everything has changed from agriculture to medicine by technologies. From my every day experience and observation I think many wonderful inventions will be registered in future.

In the healthcare, diseases cure section and producing new medicines certainly technology has changed many things. Many medicine & drugs for treatment will be generated and these current items are going to be better and more efficient than now, such as cancer cure, measles, diarrhea, heart attack, eyes and lung diseases and etc.

In transportation, cars will be driven in the air, their fuel will be generated from air and faster trains, buses and subways will be introduced so trips and voyages are more convenient and faster, ways is shorter and distance is fewer. Agriculture will very surely change, in smaller land farmer will be producing more food items and crops. Technology will come to aid human and will bring more efficiency to husbandry.

For the last word, undoubtedly the 21st century will bring many modifications with itself and due to this rapid change nobody surely knows what will happen in future. May human beings will be in conflict with the robots and machines as many scientists warn us.

25. "Marketing strategy for big companies should be placed on offer and discounts, and in what ways this can impact on their reputation. OR

The pros and cons of offering discounts in a business.

Various marketing strategies have to be utilized in order to increase the profits of a business. These marketing strategies depend largely on the customer base and the goods and services sold. Many businesses consider offering discounts a good way to increase sales. However, this can be a two-edged sword.

A business usually decides to offer discounts to customers for a particular reason. The old stock is sold at discounts due to the arrival of new stocks or if a business is going out of business. Whatever the reason, the business offers customers a reduction in price. Discounts can be categorized as cash and trade discounts. Cash discounts are the concessions provided by the seller to the buyer. This encourages the buyer to purchase quickly and allows the seller to get the payment soon. Trade discounts are a reduction the supplier gives to the business owner. This will happen only if the quantity of the product is over a specific figure. Advertising discounts on various products or all products will definitely draw in the customers. A business will see more customers during this period than any other. The increase in traffic will automatically increase sales, which is the bottom line for sales.

There are a few downsides. For example, although there will be sales, the profit margin in the store will decline as the goods are sold at reduced prices. Sometimes, these prices may even be below market value. Individual discounts to customers may encourage them to ask for discounts all the time. In addition, a shop that offers discounts always provides the reputation that the business is not doing so well. Many customers may be put off by this reputation and stop visiting the store.

Considering the above arguments, it is not an easy task deciding if offering discounts in a business is good choice or a bad one. However, a business needs to consider these factors closely in order to run it successfully and profitably.

26. Learning a new language at an early age is helpful for children. Is it more positive for their future aspect or have some adverse effects. Agree or disagree?

It has become a popular trend that children are forced to learn a foreign language at younger ages. Some experts advocate that learning a second language at younger brings more benefits than at later times, which constitutes a source of constant debate among parents.

In terms of merits of learning a foreign language at early age, it is worth mentioning that it is easier for a child to get the hang of a second language in his or her earlier years. Pupils do not have heavy school tasks to deal with and they can spare more time on language learning, which boost their efficiency of grasping a foreign language, while after a certain time, students are burdened with numerous disciplines, such as physics and biology, so they tend to distract their attentions form language study. Also, it is common language that children at primary school are not deeply affected by their mother language and culture, since they just have a little knowledge of this world and their surroundings. In addition, children are known for acquiring excellent language ability at this stage in their lives. Thus, it is the best time to shape their outlooks and develop their language ability.

On the negative side, some juveniles may get confused by learning both native language and foreign language. They may not sure whether some words are used properly in native language or second language and they may mix both two languages in their formal speaking and writing, which may result in criticism from other people. Consequently, they often cannot learn both languages well. Furthermore, learning a foreign language at such a small age may, to some extent, reduce their culture identity which is often related to language study.

According to the above analyses, the advantages of learning a second language at younger age outweigh its negative sides. Children are gifted with outstanding language ability in their early years, so they should make optimal use of their talents at the primary schools. Although, sometimes they may be confronted with confusions or difficulties in the process of learning, if guided well from teachers and parents, they can avoid adverse effects on themselves.

27. Pros and Cons of extreme/adventurous sports. OR

Dangerous activities like extreme skiing, bungee jumping etc. should be banned. Whether u support them or not.

We live in a world where health and safety is far more superior. The popularity of extreme sports has continued to grow over the last decade. It is agreed that no amount of words are adequate to convey the thrill of skiing, deep sea diving, bungee jumping, water rafting or any other adventure sport. While I understand that argument, my view is that people should be free to do whatever sports they want.

The risk-taking sports help in development of self confidence and independence. For instance, by successfully facing up the challenge of adventurous sports like rock-climbing, young people overcome their fears and apprehensions along the way and develop a feeling of unusual accomplishment. This makes it clear that climbing mountain, instead of an indoor game, helps in developing the balance, using more muscle groups, and taking on a journey in an uncontrolled environment that stimulates brain with countless variables. Recognizing the thrill of beating storm and making it back home safely result in enhancement of overall personality of an adventurous person. Moreover, many people are reluctant to try new things like mountain biking, scuba diving, white river rafting, para-gliding etc., thinking that they do not possess the skills or have an ability to enjoy it. The opposite argument is that people should be free to do whatever risk they want. So, if someone wants to jump out of a plane, then they should be allowed to and the government cannot say what they should do.

Turning the coin, extreme sports can be very dangerous and can sometimes kill people. More than that, it is not just the sports people who are in danger, but spectators too can be badly injured. If, for example, a Formula 1 car crashes, the driver may be hurt and it is possible that people in the crowd will be too. Because of this danger, it is understandable why people want the government to ban these sports.

Pondering on both the views, I think that the government should regulate dangerous sports, but it should not ban them. Looking at the above arguments, we can say that adventure sports have many impressive benefits but it is recommended that these sports should be tried under proper guidance and supervision of a guard.

28. Imitating celebrities in sports and movies good or bad?

Mass media enabled inviting fame to those who have commanding presence and dominant influence, best of whom are celebrities. The whole nation becomes anxious and curious just to get their glimpse or an autograph. Few people believe that people are popular due to their glamour and rich life-style. They claim that youngsters should not follow their footprint because they may lead them astray and I don’t agree fully with this proclamation.

Famous people such as movie or sport stars can be a role model for the young people of a society. Idealize and treating them as their idol can help them to achieve their required goal in life. Following their footprints can result in exploring their own talent which can further showcase marvels and brilliance. Their creativity, innovation and display of their skills and abilities inspire adolescents to bring change in their life for good. For instance, legendary Amir Khan, famous Bollywood celebrity is known for his inspirational and creative movies than due to his wealth or attractive personality. Adolescents copying his qualities and attributes have promoted strong moral and ethical values in a society.

On negative part, admiring film and sports personalities is nothing unusual but unfortunately it isn’t always good. A large number of our celebrities don’t set good examples. Many of them are known for their extravagant and wasteful lifestyles. They don’t mind spending millions of dollars on shopping. They wear expensive designer garments and drive super luxury cars. They earn millions of dollars every year so it doesn’t really matter to them. Unfortunately, they inspire middle class people, who can hardly afford this, to adopt the same life style. Wafer thin models promote unhealthy eating habits. Anorexia has become a major health issue these days. Models and film stars who look nearly perfect because of Photoshop effects have given rise to a generation obsessed with looking perfect. Even extramarital relationships are now considered perfectly acceptable because several celebrities have multiple partners.

In conclusion, I think that in my country, there are more discerning younger people than unwise ones. So they are not easily affected by just the celebrities' beautiful aura and wealth. They know which one to be emulated and that is the figure's good qualities.

29. Do you think English will remain to be a global language despite globalization?

The founder of Facebook, Mark Zuckerberg had amazed people around the world when he spoke fluently in Mandarin during a press conference. The question of whether English still remain as the global language rather Mandarin has become a much-debated issue. There are, therefore, people on both sides of the view that have an argument either for or against.

To begin with, a variety of reason can be offered to explain why English will remain as the global language. For example, from how we code to how we type, much of the world’s biggest advancement were developed with the English-speaking market in mind. Standard QWERTY keyboard are designed for the Roman alphabet and cannot accommodate more than two thousand Chinese characters considered necessary to achieve even basic literacy in Mandarin. By looking at these examples, we can see clearly that English will still prevail as the global language.

In addition, it is worth pointing out that it is widely held that English’s importance in the early development of modern technology has cemented its global importance today. Fifty-six percent of all online content in the world is in English. Accessing this content and drawing revenue from it requires English skills, which business and consumers alike are eager to acquire. The necessity of speaking English in a workplace has therefore also increased the number of individuals looking to showcase their English skills for potential employers. These points have debunked the possibility of another language to replace English as the main worldwide language.

Taking these points into consideration, from a personal perspective, without a shadow of a doubt, I am inclined to believe that English will remain as the global communication language.

30. Some people think placing advertisements in schools is a great resource for public schools that need additional funding, but others think it exploits children by treating them as a captive audience for corporate sponsors. Choose which position you most agree with and discuss why you chose that position. Support your point of view with details from your own experiences, observations or reading.

It is believed that advertisement is a prime source of a business which contributes to generate a large amount of fund for any organization or corporation like schools. However, some argue that schools are not an appropriate place to place advertisement in the name of extra fund collection. I will be in favor of the last notion.

To begin with, placing advertisements in schools will distract juveniles who do not have controlling power on themselves as psychological aspect of children needs to be considered before placing an advertisement in school. School children might less concentrate on their studies and more focus on colorful advertisements because of which their future will be uncertain as they will not be able to pass their course easily. For example, a child who is in the habit of involving in various advertising campaigns since childhood, lacks behind on his or her studies .In the same way, young pupils will be obsessed with money and if there is a shortage of money in any stage of their life while growing, they might indulge in an illegal act to achieve money.

On the other side of the fence, there are positive aspects as well, as children may get a good opportunity for future and they can shape their life by following only positive outcomes of advertisement.

To conclude, the latter notion outweighs the first one as students should focus on their studies at this age rather than highlighting in other aspect like advertisement. Therefore, Advertisements should be banned from the schools .we should ensure a good and quiet place for kids to study.

31. "Tobacco, mainly in the form of cigarettes is one of the most widely used drugs in the world. Over a billion adults legally smoke tobacco every day. The long term health costs are high- for the smokers themselves and for the wider community in terms of health care costs and lost productivity”. OR

Do Governments have a legitimate role to protect citizens from the harmful effects of their own decisions to smoke, or are such decisions up to an individual?

Tobacco is one of the most widely-used drugs of the world. Over a billion adults legally smoke tobacco every day. Tobacco is slowing taking a billion people in the world towards doom. The long term health costs are high for smokers, who suffer from various heart and lung diseases, reduced concentration and continually diminishing immunity.
Non-smokers, accompanying smokers or those who are in their close vicinity, also become “Passive” smokers and bear the toll of various inevitable diseases as they inhale the smoke which has an ill-effect on their respiratory systems. Thus, the health costs are high-for smokers themselves, and for wider community in terms of health care costs and lost productivity. There has been awareness among people from many years, about the ill-effects of smoking and various campaigns run by the government, NGOs and local bodies to encourage people to quit smoking but the result have not been impressive. The solution is to nip the problem in the bud. School authorities and parents should keep a close eye so that children don’t start to smoke because they think it is “cool”. They should be made aware about the harmful effects of smoking.
Government could play a vital role too. Smoking should not be high-hand in advertisements and movie commercials which have a huge impact on people. It could levy high taxes on tobacco products to keep people away from its reach. Rules for checking children buying such products should be made stringent.

The onus to protect from such products also lies on individuals as will-power always does the trick. The knowledge of importance of being healthy has to be realized from within. It goes a long way to check the problem. Thus, the solution requires both legitimate action of Government and strong individual decisions to eliminate the problem.

32. Parents should be held legally responsible for their children’s acts. What is your opinion? Support it with personal examples.

As violence by juveniles has increased in recent years, the debate about parents’ legal responsibility for children’s behavior has escalated in many social research and public circles as well as within institutions.

Parents bear many responsibilities, among them providing for their child’s basic needs, ensuring the child is educated, and protecting the child from harm. In addition, parents are responsible for instilling moral values and social norms. By teaching lessons about right and wrong, the parent prepares the child to embody normative behaviors in a society whose law and order depends upon the individual exercise of good judgment, reason, and insight. When children are young, parents are able to exert a considerable amount of influence in compelling them to conform to the values and norms they have been taught. Parents reinforce positive behavior, and punish those actions that do not conform to expectations.

In most countries in the world, there are rules of state law that force parents take responsibilities for their children's misbehaviors. Some parents only know give the birth to their children and they do not care to teaching knowledge for their kids. Children will not know how to do right things and have misbehaviors. Thus, these rules are created to make parents more responsible for their kids. For example, in Vietnam, there are rules that force parents taking responsibilities for teaching as well as feeding until their children are 18 year old. Finally, if the parent observes a violent behavior and fails to intervene, then he or she is accountable according to the law. Reasonable care is thus seen to be more clear-cut.

Most parents exercise reasonable care and want their children to do good, not harm. When children, armed with values and knowledge, choose to harm others, then the responsibility for their actions rests squarely upon them.

33. Violence portrayed on TV and in the movies leads to an increase in crime in our society. People who watch violent movies are more likely to become criminals. Do you agree or disagree?

It is commonly accepted that, television has a great impact on our lives. Some people hold the opinion that, governments has to impose some restrictions on TV programs as well as the films shown in it, while others are against of this idea and deem this rule to be the violation of viewers’ rights.

The last few years have seen an increase in violence in movies. Action movies seem to get more 'exciting' than the previous movies each year and therefore, more violence is shown. Many people complain that violence is influencing our country and its’ youths which causes many youths to fascinate about violence, eventually experience the fascination of violence for themselves and go crazy - go on a killing spree or something similar. Violence in movies does in some way affect youths and people in society. It affects people's views of themselves, other people, the world and people's thoughts on certain things. Beliefs or values and attitudes may be affected by violence in movies. In addition, the vast majority of adults are less likely to access internet, or to follow daily newspapers. For example, after hard working days people are most likely to kick back in front of TVs which lets them enjoy entertaining programs shown on TVs as well.

Nevertheless, television has its bad impacts on individual, especially on children’s psychology. For instance, children have a strong tendency on learning bad habits, to break rules which create limitations for them. Additionally, we have to take into account that parents do not always have time for spending on their children. As an example, within the time when parents are at work or when they are busy with other stuff, adult films as well as other kind of programs will appeal children which can result in undesirable consequences.

In conclusion, I would like to reiterate that, governments should restrict some content of movies and TV programs. However, everything is accessible on the internet today, it is lack of social and emotional knowledge to increase crime among youth.

34. In the 18th century due to industrialization a lot of people migrated to develop countries. This affected lifestyle and increased major problems in develop countries.

Before the advent of industrialization, people used to spend their entire lives in one place. In fact, there was hardly any reason to move about. Agriculture was the backbone of the economy and farmers cultivated the land close to the place where they lived. Most of them also reared livestock. Because of these reasons they had to stay in the same place throughout the year.

The situation is quite different now. Plenty of jobs are available in the cities and this has encouraged rural people to leave their homes and migrate to urban areas. While agriculture still sustains many economies, more jobs are available in other sectors.

Fewer means of transportation existed one or two centuries ago. This also limited people’s ability to move about. But now we can travel by land, air and water. Trains and aeroplanes have made long distance travel quite easy and affordable. The ease of traveling also encourages people to move to different places. Villagers migrate to cities in search of jobs and a better standard of living. People also travel for pleasure.

This is definitely a positive trend because it makes our lives more interesting. When we live in different places we get to interact with people of different cultures. We get to learn from them. This will broaden the horizons of our thinking and also make us more tolerant. People who live in the same place tend to have a limited understanding of the world around them. On the other hand, those who have lived in different places are more knowledgeable.

To conclude, industrialization and improved means of transportation are the factors that encourage people to move about. This is definitely a positive trend because it fosters cultural mingling. It is also good for the economy.

35. In recent years, some countries have experienced very rapid economic development. This has resulted in much higher standard of living in urban areas, but not in the countryside. This situation may bring some problems for the country as a whole. What are these problems? How might they be resolved?

Recently, there have been many radical changes in the economies of developing countries and enormous growth has been accompanied with it, especially in the city areas. Very few positive modifications are implemented in rural areas. This irrational distribution of funds has aggravated many issues which need proper attention.

First of all, as the standard of living has increased in most urban areas, people are more willing to migrate to those areas. The growth of industrialization has also engulfed this trend in which many village living people are moving towards cities for employment opportunities. This mass migration has resulted in many serious issues in developed regions. For example, as more and more people migrate to cosmopolitan areas, this areas become congested and scarce of basic resources. This, additionally, burdens the whole system to provide basic facilities like good food, shelter, transportation and medical facilities. Moreover, pollution can also be indirectly attributed to such conditions.

Rural areas, on the other hand, are left behind and they cannot take active participation in the country's development as a whole. Agriculture is the backbone of some under-developed countries and they play an indispensable role in boosting economy of a country. If these parts of the country are ignored, then it will hamper the expected growth.

However, the central authority can take certain steps to tackle such uneven distribution. First, local government along with central government should form special policies for encouraging agrarian activities. Further, better facilities, like education and infrastructure should be developed. Therefore, construction of roads and bridges are elementary under such circumstances.

Overall, growth of a country does not mean the growth of metro cities only. It means the progress of each and every corner of the nation.

36. In some countries around the world, voting is compulsory. Do you agree with the notion of compulsory voting? If voting is compulsory in a democratic society, what are some conclusions we can draw about the nature of democracy?

In a democratic country, making voting compulsory will break the rules of democracy. Some people believe compulsory voting takes away the freedom of people whether they should or not. However, it is argued that voting is one of the civic duties, just like paying taxes.

First and foremost, voting could tell a person view about a leader whether the candidate is fully competent to go as a nation leader or not. In my opinion, that is what democracy means. If no one is putting their ideas at front, then what is the point of conducting elections and competitions? When voting is made unavoidable, inevitably people tend to pay more attention to political issues, which is happening in the country. On the other hand, if voting is optional, people pay less attention towards the problems in the country. In addition, compulsory voting makes people more responsible and helps them to work towards the welfare of the country.

Furthermore, compulsory registration and voting enhances the critical evaluation of the representatives. If people fail to vote, there could be chances for the candidates to win with much fewer votes than a majority of eligible votes. Also, partiality among the public would be reduced. It means everyone can choose their favorite leader. Secondly, compulsory voting is further step in the way of development of any nation. To be more precise, good leaders are very essential for a country and it is only possible if public will give their opinion.

To put it in a nutshell, a voter is compelled to vote not for the benefits for others, but for his own welfare. Compulsory voting is a positive development and it should be mandatory in every nation, because it can assist a nation in the way of democracy.

All about Pearson Test Of English

Sunday 31 July 2016

REORDER Practice questions

1. 11)1,2,3,4

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47

A. This fact was established in the 1730s by French survey expeditions to Ecuador near the Equator and Lapland in the Arctic, which found that around the middle of the earth the arc was about a kilometer shorter.

48

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ANSWER:-

Saturday 30 July 2016

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